Le abbuffate ricorrenti sono comportamenti ripetitivi, persistenti ed incontrollati finalizzati alla regolazione emotiva. Si tratta di comportamenti alimentari disfunzionali che spesso tendono a peggiorare il disagio emotivo provato. A causa della vergogna provata l’abbuffata viene effettuata in solitudine ed è seguita comunemente da sensi di colpa. Se le abbuffate si verificano di notte viene compromessa la qualità e/o la continuità del riposo notturno con sonnolenza e difficoltà di concentrazione diurna.

La bulimia nervosa è un disturbo del comportamento alimentare caratterizzato da abbuffate ricorrenti accompagnate dalla sensazione di perdere il controllo su quanto e cosa si stia mangiando. Gli individui affetti da tale disturbo sono preoccupati eccessivamente per la forma ed il peso corporeo: generalmente utilizzano il vomito autoindotto per mantenere un peso nella norma.

Altre possibili condotte compensatorie del peso sono l’esercizio fisico o l’utilizzo di lassativi, diuretici e enteroclismi. In alcuni individui la quantità di cibo ingerita durante l’abbuffata è minima. In altri individui vengono riferite solamente abbuffate oppure solo episodi di vomito autoindotto. Queste forme vengono generalmente definite forme atipiche di bulimia rientrando nella categoria dei disturbi del comportamento alimentare non altrimenti specificati.

Video intitolato “Bulimia – Piccola testimonianza, caricato su youtube da Elpida1593 il 04/02/2012:

Altri disturbi psicopatologici caratterizzati da abbuffate ricorrenti sono il Bing Eating Disorder (BED), anche detto disturbo da alimentazione incontrollata e la Night Eating Syndrome (NES) o disturbo da alimentazione notturna. Entrambi sono stati messi in relazione alla presenza di obesità in quanto, a differenza della bulimia nervosa, in questi disturbi le abbuffate non sono seguite da condotte compensatorie del peso. Il BED è caratterizzato comunemente da una più severa e precoce insorgenza di obesità con un più grave e precoce esordio del disturbo alimentare.
La combinazione tra programmi alimentari personalizzati e trattamenti psicologici, però, può portare ad una remissione del disturbo. Il NES, invece, è comunemente associato a stress, disturbi del sonno e dell’umore con alterazioni del sistema neuroendocrino. Tale disturbo può essere trattato con farmaci che incrementano la funzionalità serotoninergica (Stunkard & Allison, 2003). Per approfondire le cause di questi disturbi e la difficoltà nella perdita di peso una ricerca ha valutato gli effetti esercitati dallo stress sulla qualità di sonno, la fame eccessiva, il desiderio per determinati cibi e la minore motivazione ad effettuare attività fisica. L’associazione di tutti questi fattori potrebbe contribuire all’aumento del peso e all’insorgenza di obesità, non solo incrementando la frequenza delle abbuffate ma anche diminuendo l’efficacia degli interventi a scopo dimagrante. La modifica dello stile di vita e la corretta gestione dello stress psicologico, infatti, possono svolgere un ruolo rilevante nel raggiungimento di una soddisfacente perdita di peso dei soggetti in sovrappeso o obesi (Geiker et al., 2017).

Esistono diverse opzioni di trattamento per i disturbi alimentari caratterizzati da abbuffate ricorrenti. Secondo ricerche cliniche recenti la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale e la psicoterapia interpersonale sarebbero gli interventi più efficaci (Grilo, 2017).

Riferimenti:

Geiker NRW et al. Does stress influence sleep patterns, food intake, weight gain, abdominal obesity and weight lossinterventions and vice versa? (2017). Obes Rev. [Epub ahead of print].

Grilo CM. Psychological and Behavioral Treatments for Binge-Eating Disorder (2017). J Clin Psychiatry. 78 Suppl 1:20-24.

Stunkard AJ & Allison CK. Two forms of disordered eating in obesity: binge eating and night eating (2003). International Journal of Obesity 27, 1–12.

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Di Tiziana Corteccioni

Dott.ssa Tiziana Corteccioni
Medico chirurgo, Specialista in Psichiatria, Psicoterapeuta   

Medico Psichiatra e Psicoterapeuta ad orientamento clinico cognitivo-comportamentale.
Da Ottobre 2010 collabora con il Centro Ricerche Musicali di Roma nel progetto “Musica Emozioni” rivolto a soggetti con difficoltà sul piano emotivo. E' coautrice di pubblicazioni scientifiche.
Da Novembre 2013 collabora con l'Associazione di Clinica Cognitiva del Lazio.
Esercita attività come psichiatra e psicoterapeuta presso vari centri clinici a Roma ed a Perugia nei quali si occupa prevalentemente del trattamento farmacologico e psicoterapeutico di disturbi del sonno, depressione, disturbo bipolare, attacchi di panico, fobie, disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo, disturbi alimentari, disturbi di personalità, dipendenze e schizofrenia.

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