Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which the following characteristics are present:
- An intense fear of getting weight or getting fat, even when you are underweight;
- The refusal to maintain body weight above or at the minimum weight level appropriate to age and height;
- An alteration of how you live weight or body shape: body weight and shape overly influence self-esteem levels letting to underestimate the severity of the current underweight condition;
- The absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles, listed in the fourth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV), has been eliminated in the new edition of the Manual (DSM-5) allowing for diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in clinical conditions previously listed as eating disorders not otherwise specified.
Anorexia nervosa can be categorized into two subtypes:
1) restriction subtype (characterized by fasting periods without regular binge eating and elimination ducts);
2) subtype with binge eating and elimination ducts (characterized by binge eating, self-induced vomiting, intense physical exercise, inappropriate use of laxatives, diuretics or enteroclisms);
(American Psychiatric Association, 2014)
In Italy, the prevalence of anorexia nervosa over the course of life is 0.5% (excluding forms without amenorrhea or with subjective binge eating). In males the disorder is 10 times lower than the females. Anorexia nervosa is more common in Western countries where a culture characterized by an abundance of food and a particular emphasis on the aesthetic ideal of thinness prevails. Insecure attachment and separation anxiety toward childhood parenting are considered risk factors for the development of eating disorders.
Video titled “The Mirror – Lo Specchio – Anoressia”, uploaded on youtube on April 8th, 2009:
Anorexia nervosa’s diagnosis and therapy should be performed promptly to prevent and/or cure the complications associated with the disorder (bradycardia, arrhythmias, malnutrition, osteoporosis or osteopenia, reduction in muscle mass, regression of secondary sexual characteristics, infertility, hypothermia). Clinical alterations can quickly lead to death.
The therapeutic approach of the disorder is integrated and consists of: a nutritional evaluation; a rehabilitative pathway focused on healthy eating; individual, family or group psychotherapy. In severe cases or when there are other psychic disorders associated with anorexia nervosa (such as anxiety-depressive disturbances or personality disorders), pharmacological therapy is also recommended.
Scientific studies show that in girls with anorexia nervosa there are higher levels of ghrelin, orexigenic hormone, compared to healthy people or with other eating disorders. A genetic reprogramming of this hormone was also hypothesized (Meguinion et al., 2013). Despite experiencing a very intense hunger, the presence of the disorder would result in intentional refusal of food. According to the cognitive model of anorexia nervosa, the ability to control calories intake and body weight would be a demonstration of being able to control an important aspect of one’s own life (his own body image) while binge eating would experience a failure and an imperative to better control hunger stimulation the next time. The negative emotions associated with anorexia nervosa are blame and shame. In girls exposed to socio-cultural patterns that emphasize the ideal of thinness, the prevention of anorexia nervosa by early psychotherapeutic interventions could be useful.
References:
American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2014.
Meguinion et al. Ghrelin: central and peripheral implications in anorexia nervosa (2013). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 26: 4.15.
Dr. Tiziana Corteccioni
MD, Specialist in Psychiatry, Psychotherapist.
Psychiatrist and Psychotherapist, Cognitive behavioral therapist.
Since October 2010 she has been collaborating with Centro Ricerche Musicali (Centre of Musical Research) in Rome in a project named “Emotions Music” aimed to people with emotional difficulties. She’s coauthor of scientific publications.
Since November 2013 she has been collaborating with the Associazione di Clinica Cognitiva (Clinical Cognitive Association) in Lazio.
She pursues activities as psychiatrist and psychotherapist at several clinical centres in Rome and Perugia in which cures, through prescriptions and psychotherapy sessions, sleep disturbances, depression, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, personality disorders, addictions and schizophrenia.